React Native & Expo

Full SDK reference for using PowerSync in React Native clients

SDK Features

Provides real-time streaming of database changes.
Offers direct access to the SQLite database, enabling the use of SQL on both client and server sides.
Operations are asynchronous by default, ensuring the user interface remains unblocked.
Supports concurrent database operations, allowing one write and multiple reads simultaneously.
Enables subscription to queries for receiving live updates.
Eliminates the need for client-side database migrations as these are managed automatically.

Installation

See the SDK's README for installation instructions.

PowerSync is not compatible with Expo Go.

PowerSync uses a native plugin and is therefore only compatible with Expo Dev Builds.

Some peer dependencies and polyfills are required

Due to the lack of good support for HTTP Streams in React Native, some polyfills are required in order to use PowerSync. PowerSync will be transitioning to a websocket based architecture in the near future.

Also see the Developer Notes section for additional requirements on Android and iOS.

Getting Started

Before implementing the PowerSync SDK in your project, make sure you have completed these steps:

Signed up for a PowerSync account (here).
Configured your backend database and connected it to your PowerSync instance.
Installed the PowerSync React Native SDK.

1. Define the Schema

The first step is defining the schema for the local SQLite database. This will be provided as a schema parameter to the RNQSPowerSyncDatabaseOpenFactory class.

This schema represents a "view" of the downloaded data. No migrations are required — the schema is applied directly when the PowerSync database is constructed.

Generate schema automatically

In the dashboard, the schema can be generated based off your sync rules by right-clicking on an instance and selecting Generate client-side schema.

Similar functionality exists in the CLI.

The types available are text, integer and real. These should map directly to the values produced by the Sync Rules. If a value doesn't match, it is cast automatically. For details on how Postgres types are mapped to the types below, see the section on Types in the Sync Rules documentation.

Example:

// library/powersync/AppSchema.ts
import { Column, ColumnType, Index, IndexedColumn, Schema, Table } from '@powersync/react-native';

export const AppSchema = new Schema([
  new Table({
    name: 'todos',
    columns: [
      new Column({ name: 'list_id', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'created_at', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'completed_at', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'description', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'completed', type: ColumnType.INTEGER }),
      new Column({ name: 'created_by', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'completed_by', type: ColumnType.TEXT })
    ],
    // Index to allow efficient lookup within a list
    indexes: [new Index({ name: 'list', columns: [new IndexedColumn({ name: 'list_id' })] })]
  }),
  new Table({
    name: 'lists',
    columns: [
      new Column({ name: 'created_at', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'name', type: ColumnType.TEXT }),
      new Column({ name: 'owner_id', type: ColumnType.TEXT })
    ]
  })
]);

Note: No need to declare a primary key id column, as PowerSync will automatically create this.

2. Instantiate the PowerSync Database

Next, you need to instantiate the PowerSync database — this is the core managed database.

Its primary functions are to record all changes in the local database, whether online or offline. In addition, it automatically uploads changes to your app backend when connected.

To instantiate PowerSyncDatabase, inject the Schema you defined in the previous step and a file path — it's important to only instantiate one instance of PowerSyncDatabase per file.

Example:

// lib/setup-powersync.js
import { RNQSPowerSyncDatabaseOpenFactory } from '@powersync/react-native';
import { Connector } from './Connector';
import { AppSchema } from './Schema';

/**
 * Instantiate the PowerSync database using RNQSPowerSyncDatabaseOpenFactory 
 * This uses react-native-quick-sqlite to open a SQLite DB file
 */
const factory = new RNQSPowerSyncDatabaseOpenFactory({
  schema: AppSchema, // The schema you defined in the previous step
  dbFilename: 'my_app_db.sqlite' // Inject a file path to the local SQLite DB — it's important to only instantiate one instance per file. 
  //location: 'optional location directory to DB file'
});

export const PowerSync = factory.getInstance();

Once you've instantiated your PowerSync database, you will need to call the connect() method to activate it.

export const setupPowerSync = async () => {
  const connector = new Connector(); // Uses the backend connector that will be created in the next section
  await PowerSync.init();
  await PowerSync.connect(connector);
};

3. Integrate with your Backend

The PowerSync backend connector provides the connection between your application backend and the PowerSync client-slide managed SQLite database.

It is used to:

Retrieve an auth token to connect to the PowerSync instance.
Apply local changes on your backend application server (and from there, to Postgres)

Accordingly, the connector must implement two methods:

PowerSyncBackendConnector.fetchCredentials - This is called every couple of minutes and is used to obtain credentials for your app backend API. -> See Authentication Setup for instructions on how the credentials should be generated.
PowerSyncBackendConnector.uploadData - Use this to upload client-side changes to your app backend.
-> See Writing Client Changes for considerations on the app backend implementation.

Example:

// lib/Connector.js
import { UpdateType} from '@powersync/react-native';

/// Postgres Response codes that we cannot recover from by retrying.
const FATAL_RESPONSE_CODES = [
  // Class 22 — Data Exception
  // Examples include data type mismatch.
  new RegExp('^22...$'),
  // Class 23 — Integrity Constraint Violation.
  // Examples include NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY and UNIQUE violations.
  new RegExp('^23...$'),
  // INSUFFICIENT PRIVILEGE - typically a row-level security violation
  new RegExp('^42501$')
];

export class Connector {
    constructor() {
        // Setup a connection to your server for uploads
        this.serverConnectionClient = TODO; 
    }

    async fetchCredentials() {        
    // Implement fetchCredentials to obtain a JWT from your authentication service.
    // See https://docs.powersync.com/usage/installation/authentication-setup
    // If you're using Supabase or Firebase or supabase, you can re-use the JWT from those clients, see
    // - https://docs.powersync.com/usage/installation/authentication-setup/supabase-auth
    // - https://docs.powersync.com/usage/installation/authentication-setup/firebase-auth
        return {
            endpoint: '[The PowerSync instance URL]',
            token: 'An authentication token'
        };
    }

    async uploadData(database) {
    // Implement uploadData to send local changes to your backend service.
    // You can omit this method if you only want to sync data from the database to the client
    // See https://docs.powersync.com/usage/installation/app-backend-setup/writing-client-changes
        const transaction = await database.getNextCrudTransaction();

        if (!transaction) {
            return;
        }

        let lastOp = null;

        try {
        // Note: If transactional consistency is important, use database functions
        // or edge functions to process the entire transaction in a single call.
        for (let op of transaction.crud) {
            lastOp = op;
            // Have your server connection setup before uploading
            const table = this.serverConnectionClient.from(op.table);
            switch (op.op) {
            case UpdateType.PUT:
                const record = { ...op.opData, id: op.id };
                const { error } = await table.upsert(record);
                break;
            case UpdateType.PATCH:
                await table.update(op.opData).eq('id', op.id);
                break;
            case UpdateType.DELETE:
                await table.delete().eq('id', op.id);
                break;
            }
        }

        await transaction.complete();
        } catch (ex) {
        console.debug(ex);
        if (typeof ex.code == 'string' && FATAL_RESPONSE_CODES.some((regex) => regex.test(ex.code))) {
            /**
             * Instead of blocking the queue with these errors,
             * discard the (rest of the) transaction.
             *
             * Note that these errors typically indicate a bug in the application.
             * If protecting against data loss is important, save the failing records
             * elsewhere instead of discarding, and/or notify the user.
             */
            console.error(`Data upload error - discarding ${lastOp}`, ex);
            await transaction.complete();
        } else {
            // Error may be retryable - e.g. network error or temporary server error.
            // Throwing an error here causes this call to be retried after a delay.
            throw ex;
        }
        }
    }
}

Using PowerSync: CRUD functions

Once the PowerSync instance is configured you can start using the SQLite DB functions.

The most commonly used CRUD functions to interact with your SQLite data are:

PowerSyncDatabase.get - get (SELECT) a single row from a table.
PowerSyncDatabase.getAll - get (SELECT) a set of rows from a table.
PowerSyncDatabase.watch - execute a read query every time source tables are modified.
PowerSyncDatabase.execute - execute a write (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) query.

Fetching a Single Item

The get method returns a single row from a table.

// TodoItemWidget.jsx
import {Text} from 'react-native';

export const TodoItemWidget = ({id}) => {
    const [todoItem, setTodoItem] = React.useState([]);
    const [error, setError] = React.useState([]);

    React.useEffect(() => {
        // .get returns the first item of the result. Throws an exception if no result is found.
        PowerSync.get('SELECT * from todos WHERE id = ?', [id])
          .then(setTodoItem)
          .catch(ex => setError(ex.message))
    }, []);

    return <Text>{error || todoItem.description}</Text>
}

Querying Items (PowerSync.getAll)

The getAll method returns a set of rows from a table.

// ListsWidget.jsx
import {FlatList, Text} from 'react-native';

export const ListsWidget = () => {
    const [lists, setLists] = React.useState([]);

    React.useEffect(() => {
        PowerSync.getAll('SELECT * from lists').then(setLists)
    }, []);

    return (<FlatList
        data={lists.map(list => ({key: list.id, ...list}))}
        renderItem={({item}) => <Text>{item.name}</Text>}
    />)
}

Watching Queries (PowerSync.watch)

The watch method executes a read query whenever a change to a dependent table is made. It can be used with an AsyncGenerator, or with a callback.

// ListsWidget.jsx
import { FlatList, Text } from 'react-native';

export const ListsWidget = () => {
    const [lists, setLists] = React.useState([]);

    React.useEffect(() => {
        const abortController = new AbortController();
        
        // Option 1: Use with AsyncGenerator
        (async () => {
          for await(const update of PowerSync.watch('SELECT * from lists', [], {signal: abortController.signal})) {
              setLists(update)
          }
        })();
        
        // Option 2: Use a callback (available since version 1.3.3 of the SDK)
        PowerSync.watch('SELECT * from lists', [], { onResult: (result) => setLists(result) }, { signal: abortController.signal });
        
        return () => {
            abortController.abort();
        }
    }, []);

    return (<FlatList
        data={lists.map(list => ({ key: list.id, ...list }))}
        renderItem={({ item }) => <Text>{item.name}</Text>}
    />)
}

Mutations (PowerSync.execute)

The execute method can be used for executing single SQLite write statements.

// ListsWidget.jsx
import {Alert, Button, FlatList, Text, View} from 'react-native';

export const ListsWidget = () => {
  // Populate lists with one of methods listed above
  const [lists, setLists] = React.useState([]);

  return (
    <View>
      <FlatList
        data={lists.map(list => ({key: list.id, ...list}))}
        renderItem={({item}) => (<View>
          <Text>{item.name}</Text>
           <Button
              title="Delete"
              onPress={async () => {
                  try {
                    await PowerSync.execute(`DELETE FROM lists WHERE id = ?`, [item.id])
                    // Watched queries should automatically reload after mutation
                  } catch (ex) {
                    Alert('Error', ex.message)
                  }
                }}
            />
        </View>)}
      />
      <Button
        title="Create List"
        color="#841584"
        onPress={async () => {
            try {
              await PowerSync.execute('INSERT INTO lists (id, created_at, name, owner_id) VALUES (uuid(), datetime(), ?, ?) RETURNING *', [
                'A list name',
                "[The user's uuid]"
              ])
              // Watched queries should automatically reload after mutation
            } catch (ex) {
              Alert.alert('Error', ex.message)
            }
          }}
      />
    </View>
    )
}

Additional Usage Examples

See Usage Examples for further examples of the SDK.

Developer Notes

Android: Flipper network plugin

The PowerSync connection relies heavily on HTTP streams. React Native does not support streams out of the box, so we use the polyfills mentioned. There is currently an open issue where the Flipper network plugin does not allow Stream events to fire. This plugin needs to be disabled in order for HTTP streams to work.

If you are using Java (Expo < 50):

Uncomment the following from android/app/src/debug/java/com/<ProjectName>/ReactNativeFlipper.java

// NetworkFlipperPlugin networkFlipperPlugin = new NetworkFlipperPlugin();
// NetworkingModule.setCustomClientBuilder(
//     new NetworkingModule.CustomClientBuilder() {
//       @Override
//       public void apply(OkHttpClient.Builder builder) {
//         builder.addNetworkInterceptor(new FlipperOkhttpInterceptor(networkFlipperPlugin));
//       }
//     });
// client.addPlugin(networkFlipperPlugin);

Disable the dev client network inspector android/gradle.properties

# Enable network inspector
EX_DEV_CLIENT_NETWORK_INSPECTOR=false

If you are using Kotlin (Expo > 50):

Comment out the following from onCreate in android/app/src/main/java/com/<ProjectName>/example/MainApplication.kt

// if (BuildConfig.DEBUG) {
//   ReactNativeFlipper.initializeFlipper(this, reactNativeHost.reactInstanceManager)
// }

iOS: use_frameworks and react-native-quick-sqlite

Using use_frameworks (for example, because you are using Google Analytics) will silently break the compilation process of react-native-quick-sqlite on iOS and results in the PowerSync SQLite extension not loading correctly. To solve this, add this to your Podfile:

pre_install do |installer|
    installer.pod_targets.each do |pod|
      next unless pod.name.eql?('react-native-quick-sqlite')

      def pod.build_type
        Pod::BuildType.static_library
      end
    end
end

Development on iOS simulator

Testing offline mode on an iOS simulator by disabling the host machine's entire internet connection will cause the device to remain offline even after the internet connection has been restored. This issue seems to affect all network requests in an application.

ORM Support

For details on ORM support in PowerSync, refer to Using ORMs with PowerSync on our blog.

Source Code

To access the source code for this SDK, refer to packages/react-native in the powersync-js repo on GitHub.

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